17^th Global Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference

Risk assessment is the regulation of quantitative or qualitative assessment of risk associated to a well-defined situation and hazard. An acceptable risk is a risk that is tolerated generally because the cost or difficulty of applying an effective counter measure for the related vulnerability goes beyond the expectation of loss. Health risk assessment consists of variations, such as risk as the type and severity of response, with or without a probabilistic context. The agriculture, aerospace, nuclear, rail, military and oil industries have a long history of dealing with risk assessment.

Pharmacology deals with the study of drugs. In detail, it deals with the properties of drugs, their action, interactions between drug particles and their target sites, the mechanisms by which they elicit pharmacological action. Pharmacological studies range from the effects of chemical agents upon subcellular mechanisms, to those that deal with the potential hazards of pesticides and herbicides, to those that focus on the treatment of major diseases by drug therapy.

Poisoning is an adverse effect of a chemical compound when it is in excessive amount. The body is able to accept or it clears the dose of drug. Clinical toxicology is one of the most important branches of toxicology and deals with the study of the side effects caused by agents such as drugs, chemicals in the living systems. It also deals with the extent and analysis of drug concentrations and other toxic substances in biological fluids. It has applications in few other fields like molecular biology, pharmacology, biochemistry, pathology, etc.

Experimental toxicology results in more number of drug reactions which we come across during practical session. The animals which are used in experimental purpose are given at different doses to know the drugs bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and their functions on various temperatures. The in vivo and in vitro are the two major studies which help in practical study.

Food toxicology deals with toxic substances in food either of natural origin or formed after food spoilage or general practices to be avoided to save the nutrition. It also studies the harmful effects of chemical, biological and physical agents in biological systems that establishes the extent of damage in living organisms.

Toxicogenomics is defined as the study of the structure and function of the genome and its responds to adverse xenobiotic exposure. It is the toxicological subdiscipline of pharmacogenomics, which is broadly defined as the study of inter-individual variations in whole-genome or candidate gene single-nucleotide polymorphism maps, haplotype markers, and alterations in gene expression that might correlate with drug responses. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with genomics or other high throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics.

Health Toxicology deals with the identification of potential health hazards associated with the exposure to different chemicals and biological agents, their identification, assessment and steps to curtail them. It’s the toxicological science which deals with the structure-function relationship, human and health sways of the chemicals such as PCBs etc.

The identified effects of the chemical agents which include several toxins from pollutants, pesticides and fertilizers influence the organism and its community. It also says exactly how the chemicals move through ecosystems and how they are absorbed and make use of plants and animals, the mechanisms by which they cause disease result congenital defects, or poison organisms. All these agents have a deep effect on the living organisms. This may cause in the imbalance of ecosystem.

Occupational toxicology is the study of the chemical substances that may be encountered by workers during the period of their employment. Occupational toxicology mainly occurs in the work places. Occupational toxicologists carry out programs for the observation of exposed workers and the environment in which they work. 

The use of sub-atomic science values and developments to preclinical wellbeing appraisal, speaks to a key apparatus for comprehension systems of danger and surveying the dangers connected with toxicities. The utilization of quality expression markers to early stage preclinical security evaluation can possibly affect pipelines in two fundamental zones: lead improvement and issue administration.

Reproductive toxicology is one of the most important branch of toxicology which deals with the effect of the toxins and the chemical substances on the reproductive system both male and female. The developmental toxicology is also a cause of the reproductive toxicology. The developmental toxicology occurs during the prenatal development before the conception.

Biomarkers are computable and quantifiable biological parameters which serve as indices for health and physiological assessment. Biomarkers mainly depend on pathologic process, genetic factors, age, gender, and environment. The major roles of biomarkers are diagnosis of a disease, severity assessment, risk assessment, prediction of drug effects and monitoring. Biochemical biomarkers are frequently used in clinical trials, where they are derived from bodily fluids that are available to the early phase researchers.

Forensic toxicology includes the combination of clinical chemistry and pharmacology which helps in the purpose of investigation of death surrounding poisoning and drug use. The following departments are forensic death investigation, forensic psychiatry, forensic DNA analysis, forensic pharmacology, forensic dentistry etc. The forensic results play a vital role in criminal cases and medicinally.

Drug toxicity is also known as drug intoxication. It is uncommon cause of death. Drug toxicity generally occurs by the combination of different drugs. Drug toxicity leads to breathing suppression, lowers oxygen levels and finally fatal. Drugs become toxins when they combine with other drugs and thus causes chemical changes and causes side effects.

Animal testing for toxicity is a part of the non-clinical laboratory testing of drugs. It is the best method to effectively predict the toxic effects of drugs on human beings. Many alternatives have evolved for animal testing now. Apart from animal testing includes Emerging in vitro models: These are based on human cell and tissue cultures computerized patient-drug databases and virtual drug trials computer models and simulations stem cell and genetic testing methods non-invasive imaging techniques such as MRIs and CT Scans micro dosing-a technique in which humans are given very low quantities of a drug to test the effects on the body on the cellular level, without affecting the whole-body system).

The Global Market of the Toxicology is determined by the extension in the amount of the pharmaceuticals a work in advancement and the creating focus on the diminishing medicine progression costs. The overall business part of in-vitro toxicology testing is subdivided into gathering, bent, procedure, application and geology.

Pharmacovigilance, also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products.The etymological roots for the word "pharmacovigilance" are: pharmakon and vigilare. As such, pharmacovigilance heavily focuses on adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, which are defined as any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, including lack of efficacy (the condition that this definition only applies with the doses normally used for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological disorder function was excluded with the latest amendment of the applicable legislation.

Computational toxicology is the application of high-powered calculating to manage and detect patterns and interactions in large biological and chemical data sets. Computational Toxicology is a vibrant and rapidly developing discipline that integrates information and data from a variety of sources to develop mathematical and computer-based models to better understand and predict adverse health effects caused by chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and pharmaceuticals.